In What to Do, Tolstoy addresses the social and economic conditions of Russia in his time, providing a critique of the inequalities and the moral responsibilities of the affluent. This treatise explores the philosophy of non-violent resistance, the importance of personal moral development, and the pursuit of truth through simple living. This work resonates with readers for its earnest exploration of how to live ethically in a society marked by profound injustice and for its early articulation of principles that would influence global movements for social reform.